HOW THE SUN AFFECTS THE EARTH

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HOW THE SUN AFFECTS THE EARTH

 

 I.    THE SUN CAUSES THE YEAR ON EARTH

II.  THE SUN CAUSES DAY AND NIGHT ON EARTH 

III. THE SUN CAUSES THE SEASONS ON EARTH.

IV. THE SUN IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE EARTH

V. THE SUN CAUSES THE WEATHER

 

 

I    THE SUN CAUSES THE YEAR ON EARTH

 

A, The earth travels in an elliptical (Oval) Path, Called an orbit, around the sun.

 

B, it moves around, or revolves, in this orbit in a Counterclockwise direction (From west to east).

 

C, The time needed for the earth to make one complete turn, or revolution, around the sun is called the earth’s year.

 

D, the earth's year is 365 1/4 days.

 

II   THE SUN CAUSES DAY AND NIGHT ON EARTH 

 

 A,   The earth also spins like a top, or rotates, as it travels around the sun.

       1. It spins around an imaginary line, called an axis, which runs through the earth's north and south     poles.

       2. It rotates on its axis in a counterclockwise direction (from west to east).

 

       3. The time needed for the earth to make one complete turn on its axis is called the earth's day.

       4. The earth's day is 24 hours.

 

B, at the equator the earth rotates at a speed of about 1600 kilometers (1000 mi) an hour.

       1. This speed becomes smaller and smaller as we move farther away from the equator toward the north and south poles.

       2. Halfway between the equator and the North Pole the speed is about 1280 kilometers (800 mi) an hour.

 

C, The earth gets its light from the sun.

       1, because the earth is shaped like a ball, only one half can be lighted at one time.

       2. When one half is lighted by the sun, the other half is in darkness.

       3. The half that is turned toward the sun has daylight, or daytime.

       4. The half that is turned away from the sun is in darkness, or has night time.

       5. Every 24 hours, as the earth rotates once on its axis, one part of the earth will have had one period      of day time and period of night time.

 

D, because the earth turns from west to east, the sun seems to move across the sky from east to west.

 

E, therefore, the sun seems to rise in the east and set in the west,

 

F, The sun looks bigger when it is just rising or setting.

       1. When it is seen against buildings or other objects on the horizon, it looks bigger by comparison.

       2, when it is by itself high in the sky, it looks smaller.

 

G, also, when the sun is rising or setting, it looks orange or reddish.

       1. This phenomenon happens because rays of red light can pass through the thicker part of the earth's atmosphere much more easily than rays of blue light.

       2. When the sun is low on the horizon, the light from the sun must travel a much greater distance through the thicker part of the earth's atmosphere than when the sun is overhead.

       3. The blue rays in sunlight cannot get through this greater distance of air, and they are reflected and scattered by the dust particles in the air.

       4. The reflection and scattering of the blue light by the dust particles is what makes the sky appear blue.

       5. However, the red rays in sunlight can still pass through.

       6. The sunlight now has less blue in it, so the sun looks orange or reddish.

       7. When the sun is high in the sky, all the rays of light can get through this shorter distance of air so the sun looks white.

 

    III. THE SUN CAUSES THE SEASONS ON EARTH.

 

A, The earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23 1/2 degrees, and it is always pointed toward Polaris, the North Star.

 

B, Because of this tilt and because of the earth's revolution around the sun, the earth has different seasons of the year.

 

C, when the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, the northern hemisphere has summer.

       1. Summer begins on June 21, which is called the solstice.

       2. In the summer the sun's rays are shining directly upon the northern hemisphere.

       3. The stronger, direct rays cover a smaller amount of the earth's surface, and the surface becomes quite hot.

       4. Because of the tilt of the earth's axis, the northern hemisphere also gets more day-light than darkness in the summer, so the days are longer than the nights.

       5. More daylight means that the northern hemisphere gets the stronger direct rays of the sun for a longer time, which also helps the northern hemisphere become warmer in the summer.

       6. When it is summer in the northern hemisphere, the North Pole has daylight all 24 hours.

 

D, when the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, the northern hemisphere has winter.

       1.  Winter begins on December 22, which is call the winter solstice.

       2. In the winter the sun's rays are shining at a slant upon the northern hemisphere.

       3. The weaker, slanted rays now cover a large amount of the earth's surface, and the surface is not heated as -much.

       4. Because of the tilt of the earth's axis, the northern hemisphere gets more darkness than daylight in the winter, so the nights are longer than the days,

       5. Longer nights mean that the northern hemisphere gets the sun's rays for a shorter time, which also helps the northern hemisphere become much colder in the winter.

       6. When it is winter in the northern hemisphere, the North Pole is in darkness all 24 hours.

 

E, when it is summer in the northern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun and the southern hemisphere has winter.

 

F, when it is winter in the northern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun and the southern hemisphere has summer.

 

G, in the spring and fall, the earth is tilted neither toward nor away from the sun.

       1. Neither hemisphere receives strong rays of sunlight, and it is not summer or winter in both hemispheres, but rather somewhere between.

       2. At the same time, the days and nights are just as long.

       3. The northern hemisphere spring begins March 21, the vernal equinox; fall begins September 23, the autumnal equinox.

 

I V. THE SUN IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE EARTH

 

A, The sun sends out radiant energy in all direction

 

B, Only a very small part of the sun's energy travels to the earth.

 

C, This small part heats the earth and gives it light.

 

D, The sun's energy also makes it possible for green plants to make food.

 

       1. These plants make food by a process called photosynthesis.

       2. In this process the leaves of the plant take carbon dioxide from the air and water

 From the soil and change these materials into carbohydrates and oxygen.

       3. The energy of sunlight and the green coloring of the leaves, called chlorophyll,

Cause the chemical reaction of photo-synthesis to take place.

       4. Photosynthesis is important because animals eat plants, and human beings eat both animals

 And plants.

       5. The food we eat gives us energy and makes us grow.

 

E, without the energy of sunlight, the earth would be frozen and lifeless.

 

F, The sun's energy is stored in natural fuels such as wood, coal, oil, and gas.

 

       1. Coal is the remains of fernlike plants that died, were buried under masses of soil and

Rock, and then subjected to tremendous heat and pressure.

       2. Oil and gas are the remains of tiny animals and plants that died, were buried under layers of mud and sand, and then subjected to tremendous heat and pressure.

       3. When natural fuels are burned, they give off energy in the form of heat and light the same energy that originally came from the sun and was stored in the plants by photosynthesis.

 

V. THE SUN CAUSES THE WEATHER

A, The sun does not heat every part of the earth equally.

       1. The parts of the earth near the equator are heated more than the parts of the

Earth away from the equator because the rays of light become more slanted farther away from the equator.

 

       2. Because the sun's rays heat only one half of the earth at one time, regular heating and cooling cycle is produced each day.

       3. The land on earth is heated and cooled more quickly than water.

       4. Dark-colored bodies of land absorb more heat than light-colored bodies.

B, This unequal heating causes movements of great masses of air.

       1. Some air masses are cold, and others are warm.

       2. The cold air masses come from the Polar Regions, and the warm air masses come

From the tropical regions.

       3. The warmer, lighter air from the equator rises and moves toward the poles, and the colder, heavier air from the poles moves down toward the equator.

       4. The colder, heavier air masses have greater pressure than the warmer, lighter air masses.

 

C, at the same time the heat of the sun causes some of the water on earth to evaporate into

 The air and become a gas called water vapor.

       1. The warmer the air masses, the more it expands, and the more water vapor it

Can hold.

       2. The colder the air mass, the more it will contract, and the less water vapor it can

Hold.

 

D, when warm air masses meet cold air masses, the warm air masses are cooled,

And some of the water vapor comes out of the air, or condenses, in different forms,

Called precipitation.

 

E, The combination of moving air masses, differences in air pressure, and changing

Amounts of water vapor in the air all caused by the sun—are responsible for the

Different kinds and changes in weather throughout the earth.

To Be Continued...

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How The Sun Affects The Earth,