How Solar System Works || How Solar System Formed || How Solar System Moves || How Solar System Moves Through Space || How Solar System Made.

 

  THE SOLAR SYSTEM

How Solar System Works || How Solar System Formed || How Solar System Moves          || How Solar System Moves Through Space || How Solar System Made.

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I,    The Member Of Solar System

 

A. The solar system is made up of a group of heavenly bodies that move around the sun.

 1. These heavenly bodies are called satellites.

 2. A satellite is any heavenly body that travels around another heavenly body.

 

 B. The principal members of the solar system are nine large bodies called planets.

 1. The word planet means "wanderer."

 2. The planets were given this name because they seemed to wander over the sky instead of appearing to stay in a fixed position like the stars.

 3. The names of the planets, in order of their increasing distance from the sun, are—

1. Mercury,

2. Venus,

3. Earth,

4. Mars,

5. Jupiter,

6. Saturn,

7. Uranus,

 8. Neptune,

9. and Pluto.

 4. Between Mars and Jupiter there is a belt of several thousand bodies of different sizes, called asteroids or planetoids, which also move around the sun.

 

C. Planets are not stars.

1. Stars shine because they give off light, but planets shine because they reflect the light of the sun or other stars.

 2, Planets are much smaller than the sun and most of the other stars.

 

 D. The planets travel in an elliptical (oval) path, called an orbit, around the sun.

1. All the planets move or revolve in a counterclockwise direction (From west to east) around the sun.

 2. The time needed for a planet to make One complete turn, or revolution, around the sun is called the planets year.

 

 E. The planets spin like a top. Or rotate, as they travel around the sun.

1. They rotate around an imaginary line, called an axis. Which run through the north and south poles of the planet.

2. The time needed for a plant to make one complete rotation on its axis is called the planets day.

 

 F.   Many of the planets have their own smaller satellites that revolve around them.

 1.   The satellites of the planets are called moons. 

2.    Astronomers have discovered 35 moons: one for Earth, two for Mars, fourteen for Jupiter ten for Saturn. Five for Uranus, two for Neptune. And one for Pluto.

 

G,     the planets are all alike in certain ways.

1. They are, all satellites of the sun.

2. They all revolve in a counterclockwise direction (from west to east).

 3. They all rotate on their axis.

 4. They all obtain their energy from the sun

 5. They all contain the same basic Chemicals, although the proportions are different,

 

H,    the planets are also different in many ways.

 1. They differ in their distance from the sun.

2.   They differ in a size and heaviness.

3.  They differ in the kind and amount of atmosphere they have.

4. They differ in the time it takes them to revolve around the sum.

5. They differ in the time it takes them to rotate once on their axis. 

6. They differ in number of moons they have.

  

I,   In  the solar system there are also bodies, called comets, which have long oval-shaped orbits that bring the comets very close to the sun and then far out into the solar system.

 

J, in the solar system there are also billions of fast-moving rocks of all sizes, called meteors.

 

 II, How the solar system was formed.

 

 

A,   Many theories have been proposed to explain how the solar system was formed. 

 

B,     all these theories fall into two general classes.

1.     One class claims the solar system was formed quickly and violently.

 2.    Another class claims the solar system was formed slowly and moderately.

 

 C. The older planetismal theory proposes that long ago the sun and another star collided.

1.     Large amounts of matter were thrown Out of the sun.

 2.     This hot material then cooled to form the planets.

 

D,     The newer planetismal theory Proposes that the two stars did not collide, but only came very close to one another.

 1.     The pull of gravity of one star upon the other raised great tides on the sun.

 2.     The materials that were lifted from the sun remained as large spiral arms.

 3.     As these spiral arms cooled, they broke away from the sun, shrunk and became the planets.

 

E.     All the different versions of the planetismal  theory have one serious weakness.

1.      Astronomers believe that the material taken or raised from the sun or any other star would be millions of degrees hot

2.      This hot material would quickly spread out into space as a gas before it could cool to form the planets. 

 

F,      The exploding star theory proposes that long ago the sun had a companion star beside it.

 1.      The companion star exploded and most of the material was thrown into space.

 2.      However, a cloud of gas was left behind, held by the sun's pull of gravity.

 3.      From this cloud the planets were formed.

 

 G.     The nebular theory proposes that the sun and plants were formed from a large, whirling cloud of hot gases and dust.

1.      As the cloud cooled and grew smaller, it began to spin faster , causing rings of matter to break  away from the outer edge of the cloud.

2.       The main part of the cloud eventually became our sun, and the rings became the planets.

 

H,       The major weakness of the nebular theory is that mathematicians do not believe it is possible for rings of material to collect into balls of matter large enough to form the planets.

 

I,       The dust cloud theory is the theory that seems to be most in agreement with the facts, and is the most widely accepted theory today.

1. According to this theory the solar system was formed from huge cloud of gases and dust.

2. The atoms in these gases and dust were pushed toward one another by the light from the stars, formed larger particles.

3. These larger particles were attached to each other by the pull of gravity on one another, and they began to crowd together.

4. Large number, of these particles came together, shrank, and grow heavier.

 5. Eventually a huge ball of material was formed, with its particles all packed closely together.

 6. The hydrogen atoms in the center of the ball began to collide with each other, and gradually a nuclear reaction took place, with the formation of helium and the release of radiant energy, including light.

 7. In this way the star, our sun, was formed

 8. Part of the Cloud of dust and gases, from which the sun was formed, stayed all around this new star and slowly rotated.

 9. Later, huge whirlpools formed in this rotating cloud, causing smaller globes of gases and dust.

10. Each globe eventually cooled into a planet that still revolves around the sun because of the original motion of the rotating cloud of gases and dust.

11. The satellites of the planets were formed the same way from this rotating cloud.

 

 j. The dust cloud theory is very popular because it explains satisfactorily not only the formation of the sun and the solar system, but also the formation of all the stars and their satellites.

 

 

 

III. WHY THE PLANETS REVOLVE ABOUND THE SUN

 

 

 A,    There are two conditions, affected each planet at the same time, that keep the planets revolving around the sun.

 

B,   One condition is the inertia of the moving planet

 

 1. According Newton's first law of motion, a body that is at rest will stay at rest unless some force starts it moving, and a body that is moving will continue to move in the same direction and at the same speed unless some force makes it change direction or speed.

2. Because the planet is already moving, if no force were acting on it, the planet would continue straight into space and far away from the sun.

 

 C,   The second condition is the sun's pull. Of gravity on the planet.

1. According to Newton‘s law of gravitation, everybody in the universe attracts or pulls on every other body.

2. The heavier a body, the greater is its pull on another body.

 3. Because the sun is heavier than any of its planets, the sun's pull of gravity on any given planet is very much more powerful than the planet's pull of gravity on the sun.

 4. If only gravity were acting on the sun and each planet, the more powerful pull of the sun's gravity would make the planet rush quickly to the sun and burn up.

 

D,   However both inertia and gravity affect each planet at the same time and in such a way that the planet travels neither straight into space nor toward the sun, but instead it travels around the sun                                                   

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MERCURY 

 

A. Mercury is the planet nearest the sun, and it is about 58 million kilometers (36 million mi) away from the sun.

 

B,       it is the smallest planet, with a diameter of about 4800 kilometers (3000 mi).

 

 C,      it can be seen near the horizon shortly after sunset or just before sunrise.

 

 D,      it is sometimes called an "evening" or morning" star, even though it is really a planet.

 

 E,       it revolves around the sun once every 88 days, so its year is much shorter than Earth's year.

 

 F,       it rotates on its axis once in 59 days, so it has very long days and nights.

 

G,      The side that faces the sun is very hot, and the temperature can be as high as 700 Celsius             (1300° Fahrenheit).

 

 H,     The side that faces away' from the sun is not as cold as would be expected.

 

1.      The temperature of this dark side is about 20 Celsius (68° Fahrenheit).

 2.     The dark side does not completely cool of after being in the sun’s heat for the long period of daylight

 

I,       neither side of Mercury has any air or water.

 

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VENUS 

 

A,         Venus is the next closest planet to the sun, and it is about 107 million kilometers (67 million mi) from the sun.

 

 B,        it is about as big as Earth, with a diameter of about 12,200 kilometers (7600 mi).

 

 C,       It also can be seen near the horizon as an “evening” star just after sunset and as a “morning” star just before sunrise.

 

D,       it revolves around the sun once every 225 days, so it has a short year.

 

 E,        It rotates' on its axis only once in about 250 day.

 

F,        The hottest part of the sunlit side is about 600° Celsius (1100° Fahrenheit).

 

 G,      The dark side that faces away from the sun is not as cold as expected.

 

 1.      On this side the coolest part is about 200° Celsius (360`) Fahrenheit).

 2.      Apparently strong winds transfer heat from the sunlit to the dark side.

 

 H,      Venus is surrounded by thick clouds that hide most of its characteristics.

 

1.        The clouds trap the sun's heat to Venus its high surface temperature.

2.        Scientists think that the clouds contain 10 percent carbon dioxide gas and a small amount of water vapor.

I,          Venus is the brightest body in the sky next to the sun and moon because its thick clouds reflect so much sunlight.

 

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EARTH 

 

 

A,        Earth is the next planet after Venus, and it is about 150 million kilometers (93 million mi) from the sun.

 

B,       it has a diameter of about 12600 Kilometer (7900 mi).

 

C,       it revolves around the sun once every 3651/4 days, and it rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.

1. At its equator Earth rotates at a speed of about 1600 kilometers (I000 mi) an hour.

2. This speed becomes smaller and smaller as we move from the equator toward the poles.

 

D,      Earth has one moon.

 

 E,     Earth is the only planet where the temperature of its surface is usually between the boiling and freezing points of water, so most of the water on Earth is found in the liquid state.

 

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MARS 

 

 

A,      Mars is the next planet after Earth, and it is about 225 million kilometers (140 million mi) away from the sun.

1.          It is the next closest planet to Earth.

2.          Every 15 years the paths of mars and Earth come closer, and there are only about 56 million kilometers (35 million mi) between them.

 

 B,       it is a small planet, with a diameter of about 6700 kilometers (4200 mi).

 

 C,        it revolves around the sun once every 687 days, so its year is almost twice the length of Earth's year.

 

 D,        it rotates on its axis once every 241/2 hours, so its day is about the same as Earth's day.

 

 E,        it has two small moons.

F,         it has seasons just like earth.

 1.       An ice cap at its poles grows smaller in summer and larger in winter.

 2.       The surface also changes color with the seasons, growing darker in the summer and lighter in the winter.

 

 G,         About three fourths of Mars' surface is covered with bright reddish light or yellowish patches, which astronomers think may be deserts.

H,        Mars has an atmosphere, but its air is much thinner than that on Earth, so there must be very little oxygen and water vapor in its air.

 

I,           the average temperature on Mars is about 50° below zero Celsius (-68 Fahrenheit), as compared to average of about 15 Celsius (59° Fahrenheit) on Earth.

 

1.         It during the day the temperature at the equator of mars may be as warm as 20° Celsius (68'           Fahrenheit).

2.       2. At night, however, the temperature drops to about 70° below Celsius (-98 Fahrenheit).

 

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The ASTEROIDS OR PLANETOIDS

 

 

 A,         The asteroids or planetoids are a bolt of about 25,000 bodies that circle the sun between Mars and the next planet Jupiter.

 

 B,            they are called asteroids because they look like stars, and planetoids because they are really little planets.

 C,             All the asteroids revolve the same direction as the around the sun in larger planets.

 

 D,               the asteroids are irregular lumps of rock, perhaps mixed with metal, that differ in size and brightness.

1,                only a few are larger than 160 kilometers (100 mi) in diameter.

2. A few hundred are 16 to 160 kilometers (10 to 100 mi) in diameter.

3. The rest are less than 16 kilometers (10mi) in diameter, with some perhaps only as large as basketballs.

 

E,        Scientists do not know how the asteroids were formed.

 

1.        Some think they are part of a planet that exploded.

2.        Others think that they are the parts of two planets that collided and exploded.

3.          Still others think that they are part of the solar system that never grew large enough to form an ordinary planet.

 

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JUPITER

 

 

A.    Jupiter Is the next planet after Mars, and it is about 776 million kilometers (485 mi) from the sun.

B.     It is the largest planet with a diameter of about 139,000 kilometers (87000 mi), about eleven time that of Earth.

 C.      it appears as a very large" star in the sky.

 D.        It revolves around the sun once in about 12 years.

 

E. It rotates on its axis once in About 10 hours, so it has a very short day.

 1. Its speed of rotation is very fast, that is about 40,000 kilometers (25 000 mi) an hour at its equator, or about twenty-five times faster than Earth's speed of rotation at the equator.

 2. This rapid rotation makes Jupiter flatten at its poles and bulge at its equator even more than Earth does.

F,     it has 14 moons. +2= 16

 G.    Through the telescope Jupiter does not show a solid surface, but it does show shifting belts of clouds.

 1. These belts run parallel with its equator.

 2. These clouds are spread out in colored bands, which keep changing their patterns and colors.

H.   Scientists think that a Jupiter has a solid core of rock and metal that is about 64,000 kilometers (40,000 mi) in diameter.

 1. This core is surrounded by a layer of compressed ice.

 2. Next are the thick layers of different gases, one on top of the other, which make up Jupiter's atmospheres.

 

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SATURN 

 

 

A,    Saturn is the next planet after Jupiter, and it is about 1430 million kilometers (890 million mi) from the sun.

 

 B,    it has a diameter of about 120,000 kilo-meters (75,000 mi).

 

 C,    it revolves once around the sun in about 29 1/2 years.

 

 D,    it rotates on its axis once in about 10 hours.

 

 E,    it has ten moons.

 

 F,    it is a planet of unusual interest because it is surrounded by several broad but thin rings that revolve at different speeds around its equator.

       1. Most scientists think that the rings are made of pieces of rock like that of the asteroids,

       2. These rocks may as small as grains of sand or as large as small islands.

       3. It has 21 to 23 Satellites (Moons) Discover by Telescope & voyager.

 

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URANUS

 

A,    Uranus is the next planet after Saturn, and it is about 2900 million kilometers (1800 million mi) from the sun.

 

B,    it has a diameter of about 50,000 kilometers (31,000 mi).

 

C,    it revolves once around the sun in about 84 years.

 

D,    it rotates on its axis once in about 10 hours.

 

E,    It has 5 moons + 10 = 15 Discover by voyager.

 

F,    eight rings surround it, but unlike Saturn the rings are narrow and quite faint.

 

G,    Like Jupiter, Uranus seems to have a solid core, surrounded by an icy layer thick atmosphere of gases.

 

H,    Uranus rotates in a different position from all other planets.

       1   All the other planets rotate on an almost vertical axis, like the top that is spinning the regular                 way.

       2   Uranus rotates on an almost horizontal axis, like a top spinning on its side.

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NEPTUNE 

 

 

A,    Neptune is the next planet after Uranus, and it is about 4500 million kilometers (2800 million mi)        away from sun.

 

B,    it has a diameter of about 53,000 kilometers (33,000 mi).

 

C,    it revolves once around the sun in about 165 years.

 

D,    it rotates on its axis once in about 16 hours.

 

E,    It has 2 moons + 6 = 8 Discover by voyager.

 

F,    Scientist Call Uranus and Neptune the Twin Planets

       1.   They both are about the same size.

       2.     They both are made up of a solid core, surrounded by an icy layer and an atmosphere of the    same kinds of gases.

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PLUTO

 

 A,    Pluto is the last, and most recently discovered, planet in the solar system.

 

 B,    it is about 5900 million kilometers (3700 million mi) from the sun.

 

 C,    Astronomers are not quite certain of its diameter, but they' think it is about 2900 kilometers

 (1800 mi).

 

 D,    it revolves once around the sun in about 248 years.

 

 E,    it has one moon.

 

 F,    Astronomers do not yet know how long it takes Pluto to rotate once on its axis.

 

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COMETS 

 

 

A, Comets bodies that revolve around the sun in long, oval-shaped orbit.

       1. The sun is at one far end of the comet’s orbit.

       2. The comet's orbit: cuts across the paths of the planet’s orbits.

 

B, The comet has a head and a tail.

 

C, The comet's head is made up of small rocks and dust, mixed with frozen gases.

 

D, The comet does not have a tail until it nears the sun.

       1. As the comet nears the sun, the frozen gases in the comet's head melt and are changed into vapor.

       2. The comet’s tail is actually this very thin stream of melted gases.

       3. The tail may be millions of kilometers long and so thin that stars can be seen through it.

       4. When the comet travels away from the Sun, the gases freeze again and the tail disappears.

 

E, The head and tail of the comet reflect the light of the sun.

 

F, The pressure of the light from the sun makes the tail point away from the sun when the comet both approaches and leaves the sun.

 

G, The comet gains speed as it nears the sun and the sun's pull of gravity on it becomes stronger, then it slows down again as it travels away from the sun and the sun's Pull or gravity on it becomes weaker.

 

 

H, some comets return rather quickly, but others take much longer to return.

       1. Encke's comet returns every 3 1/2 years.

       2. Halley's comet returns every 76 years.

 

I, some comets never return because they either waste away as material is forced out of the head into the tail or they are destroyed as they come near a larger body.

 

J, Scientists do not know exactly how comets were formed.

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METEORS AND METEORITES 

 

 

A, Meteors are rocks in the space which the earth passes as it travels around the sun.

 

       1. These rocks may be tiny grains of sand or they may be very large.

       2. Some meteors are metallic and have iron and nickel in them.

       3.  Other meteors are stony and have silicates in them.

 

B, Billions of meteors enter the earth's atmosphere each year, traveling about 160,000 kilometers (100,000 mi) an hour.

 

C, About 80 kilometers (50 mi) above the earth the friction of the air rubbing against the meteors makes them white. Hot, and they begin to burn.

       1. 'The burning meteors make a bright streak of light as they travel through the air.

       2. These bright streaks are called “shooting stars".

D, most meteors burn up before they reach the earth's surface.

 

E, those meteors that strike the earth’s surface before they burn up are called meteorites.

 

F, if meteorites are large enough, they can form a large crater when they strike the earth.

       1.  It Meteor Crater in Arizona and Chubb Crater in Canada were probably made by meteorites.

       2. One meteor, weighing about 55,000 kilogram (60 Tons), has been found in Africa and is still in the original spot where it struck the earth.

       3. Another meteor, weighing about 32,000 kilograms (35 tons), is in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and was found by Admiral Peary in Greenland in 1894.

 

C, the meteors that reach Earth seem to come from two different sources.

       1. Most of them are probably small bits of rocks, like those in the belt of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter that are traveling through space.

       2. Some also seem to come from comets because swarms of meteors called meteor showers are seen every time the earth crosses the path of a comet.

 To Be Continue...

 

How Solar System Works,

How Solar System Formed,

How Solar System Moves,

How Solar System Moves Through Space,

How Solar System Made,

 

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